Aldehyde-mediated protein-to-surface tethering via controlled diazonium electrode functionalization using protected hydroxylamines

Nick Yates; Mark Dowsett; Phillip Bentley; Jack Dickenson-Fogg; Andrew Pratt; Christopher Blanford; Martin Anthony Fascione; Alison Parkin

doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01254

Aldehyde-mediated protein-to-surface tethering via controlled diazonium electrode functionalization using protected hydroxylamines

Nick Yates, Mark Dowsett, Phillip Bentley, Jack Dickenson-Fogg, Andrew Pratt, Christopher Blanford, Martin Anthony Fascione, Alison Parkin

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We report a diazonium electro-grafting method for the covalent modification of conducting surfaces with aldehyde-reactive hydroxylamine functionalities that facilitate the wiring of redox-active (bio)molecules to electrode surfaces. Hydroxylamine monolayer formation is achieved via a phthalimide-protection and hydrazine-deprotection strategy that overcomes the multilayer formation that typically complicates diazonium surface modification. This surface modification strategy is characterized using electrochemistry (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Thus-modified glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond and gold surfaces are all shown to ligate to small molecule aldehydes, yielding surface coverages of 150-170, 40 and 100 pmol cm-2, respectively. Bio-conjugation is demonstrated via the coupling of a dilute (50 µM) solution of periodate-oxidized horseradish peroxidase enzyme to a functionalized gold surface under bio-compatible conditions (H2O solvent, pH 4.5, 25 °C).

Original language	English
Journal	Langmuir
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01254
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 13 Nov 2019

Bibliographical note

© 2019 American Chemical Society. This is an author-produced version of the published paper. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher’s self-archiving policy. Further copying may not be permitted; contact the publisher for details.

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10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01254

acs.langmuir.9b01254
© 2019 American Chemical Society. This is an author-produced version of the published paper. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher’s self-archiving policy. Further copying may not be permitted; contact the publisher for details.
Accepted author manuscript, 1.58 MB

Cite this

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title = "Aldehyde-mediated protein-to-surface tethering via controlled diazonium electrode functionalization using protected hydroxylamines",

abstract = "We report a diazonium electro-grafting method for the covalent modification of conducting surfaces with aldehyde-reactive hydroxylamine functionalities that facilitate the wiring of redox-active (bio)molecules to electrode surfaces. Hydroxylamine monolayer formation is achieved via a phthalimide-protection and hydrazine-deprotection strategy that overcomes the multilayer formation that typically complicates diazonium surface modification. This surface modification strategy is characterized using electrochemistry (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Thus-modified glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond and gold surfaces are all shown to ligate to small molecule aldehydes, yielding surface coverages of 150-170, 40 and 100 pmol cm-2, respectively. Bio-conjugation is demonstrated via the coupling of a dilute (50 µM) solution of periodate-oxidized horseradish peroxidase enzyme to a functionalized gold surface under bio-compatible conditions (H2O solvent, pH 4.5, 25 °C).",

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AU - Yates, Nick

AU - Dowsett, Mark

AU - Bentley, Phillip

AU - Dickenson-Fogg, Jack

AU - Pratt, Andrew

AU - Blanford, Christopher

AU - Fascione, Martin Anthony

AU - Parkin, Alison

N1 - © 2019 American Chemical Society. This is an author-produced version of the published paper. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher’s self-archiving policy. Further copying may not be permitted; contact the publisher for details.

PY - 2019/11/13

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N2 - We report a diazonium electro-grafting method for the covalent modification of conducting surfaces with aldehyde-reactive hydroxylamine functionalities that facilitate the wiring of redox-active (bio)molecules to electrode surfaces. Hydroxylamine monolayer formation is achieved via a phthalimide-protection and hydrazine-deprotection strategy that overcomes the multilayer formation that typically complicates diazonium surface modification. This surface modification strategy is characterized using electrochemistry (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Thus-modified glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond and gold surfaces are all shown to ligate to small molecule aldehydes, yielding surface coverages of 150-170, 40 and 100 pmol cm-2, respectively. Bio-conjugation is demonstrated via the coupling of a dilute (50 µM) solution of periodate-oxidized horseradish peroxidase enzyme to a functionalized gold surface under bio-compatible conditions (H2O solvent, pH 4.5, 25 °C).

AB - We report a diazonium electro-grafting method for the covalent modification of conducting surfaces with aldehyde-reactive hydroxylamine functionalities that facilitate the wiring of redox-active (bio)molecules to electrode surfaces. Hydroxylamine monolayer formation is achieved via a phthalimide-protection and hydrazine-deprotection strategy that overcomes the multilayer formation that typically complicates diazonium surface modification. This surface modification strategy is characterized using electrochemistry (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Thus-modified glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond and gold surfaces are all shown to ligate to small molecule aldehydes, yielding surface coverages of 150-170, 40 and 100 pmol cm-2, respectively. Bio-conjugation is demonstrated via the coupling of a dilute (50 µM) solution of periodate-oxidized horseradish peroxidase enzyme to a functionalized gold surface under bio-compatible conditions (H2O solvent, pH 4.5, 25 °C).

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