Abstract
Salt marshes are complex systems comprising of ephemerally flooded, vegetated platforms hydraulically fed by tidal creeks. Where
drainage is poor, formation of saline-water ponds can occur. Within East Anglian (UK) salt marshes, two types of sediment
chemistries can be found beneath these ponds; iron-rich sediment, which is characterized by high ferrous iron concentration in
subsurface porewaters (up to 2 mM in the upper 30 cm); and sulfide-rich sediment, which is characterized by high porewater
sulfide concentrations (up to 8 mM). We present five years of push-core sampling to explore the geochemistry of the porewater in
these two types of sediment. We suggest that when carbon is present in quantities sufficient to exhaust the oxygen and iron
content within pond sediments, conditions favour the presence of sulfide-rich sediments. In contrast, in pond sediments where
oxygen is present—primarily through bioirrigation—reduced iron can be reoxidised and thus recycled for further reduction,
favouring the perpetuation of iron-rich sedimentary conditions. We find these pond sediments can alter significantly over an
annual timescale. We carried out a drone survey, with ground-truthed measurements, to explore the spatial distribution of
geochemistry in these ponds. Our results suggest a pond’s proximity to the creek partially determines the pond subsurface
geochemistry with iron-rich ponds tending to be closer to large creeks relative to sulfide-rich ponds. We suggest differences in
surface delivery of organic carbon, due to differences in the energy of the ebb flow, or the surface/ subsurface delivery of iron
may control the distribution. This could be amplified if tidal inundations flush ponds closer to creeks more frequently, removing
carbon and flushing with oxygen. These results suggest that anthropogenic creation of drainage ditches could shift the distribution
of iron- and sulfide-rich ponds and thus have an impact on nutrient, trace metal and carbon cycling in salt marsh ecosystems
drainage is poor, formation of saline-water ponds can occur. Within East Anglian (UK) salt marshes, two types of sediment
chemistries can be found beneath these ponds; iron-rich sediment, which is characterized by high ferrous iron concentration in
subsurface porewaters (up to 2 mM in the upper 30 cm); and sulfide-rich sediment, which is characterized by high porewater
sulfide concentrations (up to 8 mM). We present five years of push-core sampling to explore the geochemistry of the porewater in
these two types of sediment. We suggest that when carbon is present in quantities sufficient to exhaust the oxygen and iron
content within pond sediments, conditions favour the presence of sulfide-rich sediments. In contrast, in pond sediments where
oxygen is present—primarily through bioirrigation—reduced iron can be reoxidised and thus recycled for further reduction,
favouring the perpetuation of iron-rich sedimentary conditions. We find these pond sediments can alter significantly over an
annual timescale. We carried out a drone survey, with ground-truthed measurements, to explore the spatial distribution of
geochemistry in these ponds. Our results suggest a pond’s proximity to the creek partially determines the pond subsurface
geochemistry with iron-rich ponds tending to be closer to large creeks relative to sulfide-rich ponds. We suggest differences in
surface delivery of organic carbon, due to differences in the energy of the ebb flow, or the surface/ subsurface delivery of iron
may control the distribution. This could be amplified if tidal inundations flush ponds closer to creeks more frequently, removing
carbon and flushing with oxygen. These results suggest that anthropogenic creation of drainage ditches could shift the distribution
of iron- and sulfide-rich ponds and thus have an impact on nutrient, trace metal and carbon cycling in salt marsh ecosystems
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 41 |
| Number of pages | 19 |
| Journal | Frontiers in Earth Science |
| Volume | 7 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 14 Mar 2019 |