Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases-A Cross-Sectional Study of School-Aged Children in Rural Mexico

Gerardo A Zavala; Olga P García; Dolores Ronquillo; Colleen M Doak; Maria Del Carmen Caamaño; Mariela Camacho; Jorge L Rosado

doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102096

Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases-A Cross-Sectional Study of School-Aged Children in Rural Mexico

Gerardo A Zavala, Olga P García, Dolores Ronquillo, Colleen M Doak, Maria Del Carmen Caamaño, Mariela Camacho, Jorge L Rosado

Health Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dietary energy density (DED) is associated with chronic disease markers in adults. However, results in children are still controversial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the DED of children and its association with obesity and biomarkers of chronic disease.

METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 284 children (6-10 y) from rural Mexico. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h recalls. DED was calculated for "foods only" (DED fo) and for "foods and beverages" (DED fb). Weight, height, and body fat percent (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. Inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, leptin, and insulin resistance were determined from a fasting blood sample.

RESULTS: DED fo was 1.91 ± 0.36 kcal/g and DED fb was 1.36 ± 0.31 kcal/g. Higher DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher risk to have insulin resistance [odds ratio (OR) = 3.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66, 9.22, P < 0.01; OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.25, 9.87, P = 0.02, respectively]. Higher DED fo was associated with higher risk of higher leptin levels (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 10.23). Also, DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher concentrations of cholesterol ( β = 11.67, 95% CI: 1.81, 19.53, P = 0.03; and β = 11.74, 95% CI: 2.69, 20.74 P = 0.01, respectively) and higher odds of having high insulin concentrations (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.06, P = 0.01; and OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.30, 6.70, P = 0.01). DED fo and DED fb were not associated with any measure of obesity and inflammatory cytokines in the adjusted models.

CONCLUSIONS: DED was associated with higher leptin and cholesterol concentrations, and having insulin resistance, but not with any measure of obesity or inflammation. Reducing DED may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and improve insulin sensitivity in school-aged children.

Original language	English
Article number	102096
Journal	Current Developments in Nutrition
Volume	8
Issue number	3
Early online date	17 Feb 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102096
Publication status	Published - Mar 2024

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Cite this

@article{47f7152bee1c40aa91160bd3cf161585,

title = "Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases-A Cross-Sectional Study of School-Aged Children in Rural Mexico",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: Dietary energy density (DED) is associated with chronic disease markers in adults. However, results in children are still controversial.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the DED of children and its association with obesity and biomarkers of chronic disease.METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 284 children (6-10 y) from rural Mexico. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h recalls. DED was calculated for {"}foods only{"} (DED fo) and for {"}foods and beverages{"} (DED fb). Weight, height, and body fat percent (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. Inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, leptin, and insulin resistance were determined from a fasting blood sample. RESULTS: DED fo was 1.91 ± 0.36 kcal/g and DED fb was 1.36 ± 0.31 kcal/g. Higher DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher risk to have insulin resistance [odds ratio (OR) = 3.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66, 9.22, P < 0.01; OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.25, 9.87, P = 0.02, respectively]. Higher DED fo was associated with higher risk of higher leptin levels (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 10.23). Also, DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher concentrations of cholesterol ( β = 11.67, 95% CI: 1.81, 19.53, P = 0.03; and β = 11.74, 95% CI: 2.69, 20.74 P = 0.01, respectively) and higher odds of having high insulin concentrations (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.06, P = 0.01; and OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.30, 6.70, P = 0.01). DED fo and DED fb were not associated with any measure of obesity and inflammatory cytokines in the adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: DED was associated with higher leptin and cholesterol concentrations, and having insulin resistance, but not with any measure of obesity or inflammation. Reducing DED may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and improve insulin sensitivity in school-aged children.",

author = "Zavala, {Gerardo A} and Garc{\'i}a, {Olga P} and Dolores Ronquillo and Doak, {Colleen M} and Caama{\~n}o, {Maria Del Carmen} and Mariela Camacho and Rosado, {Jorge L}",

note = "{\textcopyright} 2024 The Author(s).",

year = "2024",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102096",

language = "English",

volume = "8",

journal = "Current Developments in Nutrition",

issn = "2475-2991",

publisher = "Elsevier BV",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases-A Cross-Sectional Study of School-Aged Children in Rural Mexico

AU - Zavala, Gerardo A

AU - García, Olga P

AU - Ronquillo, Dolores

AU - Doak, Colleen M

AU - Caamaño, Maria Del Carmen

AU - Camacho, Mariela

AU - Rosado, Jorge L

PY - 2024/3

Y1 - 2024/3

N2 - BACKGROUND: Dietary energy density (DED) is associated with chronic disease markers in adults. However, results in children are still controversial.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the DED of children and its association with obesity and biomarkers of chronic disease.METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 284 children (6-10 y) from rural Mexico. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h recalls. DED was calculated for "foods only" (DED fo) and for "foods and beverages" (DED fb). Weight, height, and body fat percent (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. Inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, leptin, and insulin resistance were determined from a fasting blood sample. RESULTS: DED fo was 1.91 ± 0.36 kcal/g and DED fb was 1.36 ± 0.31 kcal/g. Higher DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher risk to have insulin resistance [odds ratio (OR) = 3.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66, 9.22, P < 0.01; OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.25, 9.87, P = 0.02, respectively]. Higher DED fo was associated with higher risk of higher leptin levels (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 10.23). Also, DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher concentrations of cholesterol ( β = 11.67, 95% CI: 1.81, 19.53, P = 0.03; and β = 11.74, 95% CI: 2.69, 20.74 P = 0.01, respectively) and higher odds of having high insulin concentrations (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.06, P = 0.01; and OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.30, 6.70, P = 0.01). DED fo and DED fb were not associated with any measure of obesity and inflammatory cytokines in the adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: DED was associated with higher leptin and cholesterol concentrations, and having insulin resistance, but not with any measure of obesity or inflammation. Reducing DED may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and improve insulin sensitivity in school-aged children.

AB - BACKGROUND: Dietary energy density (DED) is associated with chronic disease markers in adults. However, results in children are still controversial.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the DED of children and its association with obesity and biomarkers of chronic disease.METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 284 children (6-10 y) from rural Mexico. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h recalls. DED was calculated for "foods only" (DED fo) and for "foods and beverages" (DED fb). Weight, height, and body fat percent (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. Inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, leptin, and insulin resistance were determined from a fasting blood sample. RESULTS: DED fo was 1.91 ± 0.36 kcal/g and DED fb was 1.36 ± 0.31 kcal/g. Higher DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher risk to have insulin resistance [odds ratio (OR) = 3.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66, 9.22, P < 0.01; OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.25, 9.87, P = 0.02, respectively]. Higher DED fo was associated with higher risk of higher leptin levels (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 10.23). Also, DED fo and DED fb were associated with higher concentrations of cholesterol ( β = 11.67, 95% CI: 1.81, 19.53, P = 0.03; and β = 11.74, 95% CI: 2.69, 20.74 P = 0.01, respectively) and higher odds of having high insulin concentrations (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.06, P = 0.01; and OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.30, 6.70, P = 0.01). DED fo and DED fb were not associated with any measure of obesity and inflammatory cytokines in the adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: DED was associated with higher leptin and cholesterol concentrations, and having insulin resistance, but not with any measure of obesity or inflammation. Reducing DED may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and improve insulin sensitivity in school-aged children.

U2 - 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102096

DO - 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102096

M3 - Article

C2 - 38463689

SN - 2475-2991

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JO - Current Developments in Nutrition

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