Exposure to nitrosamines in thirdhand tobacco smoke increases cancer risk in non-smokers

TY - JOUR

T1 - Exposure to nitrosamines in thirdhand tobacco smoke increases cancer risk in non-smokers

AU - Ramírez, Noelia

AU - Özel, Mustafa Z.

AU - Lewis, Alastair C.

AU - Marcé, Rosa M.

AU - Borrull, Francesc

AU - Hamilton, Jacqueline F.

N1 - © Elsevier 2014. This is an author produced version of a paper accepted for publication in Environment International. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.

PY - 2014/10

Y1 - 2014/10

N2 - In addition to passive inhalation, non-smokers, and especially children, are exposed to residual tobacco smoke gases and particles that are deposited to surfaces and dust, known as thirdhand smoke (THS). However, until now the potential cancer risks of this pathway of exposure have been highly uncertain and not considered in public health policy. In this study, we estimate for the first time the potential cancer risk by age group through non-dietary ingestion and dermal exposure to carcinogen N-nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) measured in house dust samples. Using a highly sensitive and selective analytical approach we have determined the presence of nicotine, eight N-nitrosamines and five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in forty-six settled dust samples from homes occupied by both smokers and non-smokers. Using observations of house dust composition, we have estimated the cancer risk by applying the most recent official toxicological information. Calculated cancer risks through exposure to the observed levels of TSNAs at an early life stage (1 to 6. years old) exceeded the upper-bound risk recommended by the USEPA in 77% of smokers' and 64% of non-smokers' homes. The maximum risk from exposure to all nitrosamines measured in a smoker occupied home was one excess cancer case per one thousand population exposed.The results presented here highlight the potentially severe long-term consequences of THS exposure, particularly to children, and give strong evidence of its potential health risk and, therefore, they should be considered when developing future environmental and health policies.

AB - In addition to passive inhalation, non-smokers, and especially children, are exposed to residual tobacco smoke gases and particles that are deposited to surfaces and dust, known as thirdhand smoke (THS). However, until now the potential cancer risks of this pathway of exposure have been highly uncertain and not considered in public health policy. In this study, we estimate for the first time the potential cancer risk by age group through non-dietary ingestion and dermal exposure to carcinogen N-nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) measured in house dust samples. Using a highly sensitive and selective analytical approach we have determined the presence of nicotine, eight N-nitrosamines and five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in forty-six settled dust samples from homes occupied by both smokers and non-smokers. Using observations of house dust composition, we have estimated the cancer risk by applying the most recent official toxicological information. Calculated cancer risks through exposure to the observed levels of TSNAs at an early life stage (1 to 6. years old) exceeded the upper-bound risk recommended by the USEPA in 77% of smokers' and 64% of non-smokers' homes. The maximum risk from exposure to all nitrosamines measured in a smoker occupied home was one excess cancer case per one thousand population exposed.The results presented here highlight the potentially severe long-term consequences of THS exposure, particularly to children, and give strong evidence of its potential health risk and, therefore, they should be considered when developing future environmental and health policies.

KW - Cancer risk assessment

KW - N-nitrosamines

KW - Thirdhand tobacco smoke

KW - Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84904294323&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012

DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012

M3 - Article

C2 - 25036615

AN - SCOPUS:84904294323

SN - 0160-4120

VL - 71

SP - 139

EP - 147

JO - Environment International

JF - Environment International

ER -