Higher Wages for Sustainable Development? Employment and Carbon Effects of Paying a Living Wage in Global Apparel Supply Chains

TY - JOUR

T1 - Higher Wages for Sustainable Development? Employment and Carbon Effects of Paying a Living Wage in Global Apparel Supply Chains

AU - Mair, Simon

AU - Druckman, Angela

AU - Jackson, Tim

N1 - Funding Information: We would like to thank Matthew Leach, and Arnold Tukker for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. The paper also benefitted greatly from the comments of two anonymous referees. This work was supported by a joint grant from the UK's Economic and Social Research Council and Natural Environment Research Council , grant number ES/J500148/1 , and the ESRC funded Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity, grant number ES/M010163/1 . Publisher Copyright: © 2019 The Authors

PY - 2019/5/1

Y1 - 2019/5/1

N2 - In this paper we explore how paying a living wage in global supply chains might affect employment and carbon emissions: Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 13. Previous work has advocated using wage increases for poorer workers to increase prices for wealthier consumers, thereby reducing consumption and associated environmental damage. However, the likely effects of such an approach remain unclear. Using an input-output framework extended with income and demand elasticities, we estimate the employment and carbon effects of paying a living wage to Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese (BRIC) workers in the Western European clothing supply chain. We find negligible effects on carbon emissions but a substantial increase in BRIC employment under 3 scenarios of consumer behaviour. Changes in Western European consumption lead to small decreases in global carbon emissions and BRIC employment. However, the increase in BRIC wages increases demand in BRIC. This increased demand increases production which largely cancels out the carbon savings and generates net increases in BRIC employment. We conclude by arguing that paying higher wages in global supply chains represents a good but not sufficient step toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

AB - In this paper we explore how paying a living wage in global supply chains might affect employment and carbon emissions: Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 13. Previous work has advocated using wage increases for poorer workers to increase prices for wealthier consumers, thereby reducing consumption and associated environmental damage. However, the likely effects of such an approach remain unclear. Using an input-output framework extended with income and demand elasticities, we estimate the employment and carbon effects of paying a living wage to Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese (BRIC) workers in the Western European clothing supply chain. We find negligible effects on carbon emissions but a substantial increase in BRIC employment under 3 scenarios of consumer behaviour. Changes in Western European consumption lead to small decreases in global carbon emissions and BRIC employment. However, the increase in BRIC wages increases demand in BRIC. This increased demand increases production which largely cancels out the carbon savings and generates net increases in BRIC employment. We conclude by arguing that paying higher wages in global supply chains represents a good but not sufficient step toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85060065290&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.007

DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.007

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85060065290

SN - 0921-8009

VL - 159

SP - 11

EP - 23

JO - Ecological Economics

JF - Ecological Economics

ER -